Tlhaloso e Pharalletseng ea Mekhoa ea Kholiso ea Silicon ea Monocrystalline

Tlhaloso e Pharalletseng ea Mekhoa ea Kholiso ea Silicon ea Monocrystalline

1. Background ea Monocrystalline Silicon Development

Tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji le tlhokahalo e ntseng e hola ea lihlahisoa tse bohlale tse sebetsang hantle haholo li tiisitse boemo ba mantlha ba indasteri ea potoloho e kopaneng (IC) nts'etsopele ea naha. Joalo ka lejoe la sekhutlo la indasteri ea IC, silicon ea semiconductor monocrystalline e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho nts'etsopele ea mahlale a mahlale le kholo ea moruo.

Ho latela lintlha tse tsoang ho International Semiconductor Industry Association, 'maraka oa lefats'e oa semiconductor oafer o fihletse palo ea thekiso ea $ 12.6 billion,' Ho feta moo, tlhoko ea li-wafers tsa silicon e ntse e eketseha butle-butle.

Leha ho le joalo, indasteri ea lefats'e ea silicon wafer e tsepamisitse maikutlo haholo, 'me barekisi ba bahlano ba kaholimo ba busa ho feta 85% ea karolo ea mmaraka, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ka tlase:

• Shin-Etsu Chemical (Japan)

• SUMCO (Japan)

• Li-Wafers tsa Lefatše

• Siltronic (Jeremane)

• SK Siltron (Korea Boroa)

Oligopoly ena e fella ka ho its'etleha ho matla ha China ho li-wafers tsa silicon tse tsoang kantle ho naha, tse fetohileng e 'ngoe ea litšitiso tsa mantlha tse thibelang nts'etsopele ea indasteri ea potoloho e kopaneng ea naha.

Ho hlola mathata a hajoale lefapheng la tlhahiso ea semiconductor silicon monocrystal, ho tsetela ho lipatlisiso le nts'etsopele le ho matlafatsa bokhoni ba tlhahiso ea lapeng ke khetho e ke keng ea qojoa.

2. Kakaretso ea Monocrystalline Silicon Material

Monocrystalline silicon ke motheo oa indasteri e kopanetsoeng ea potoloho. Ho fihlela joale, ho feta 90% ea li-chips tsa IC le lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki li entsoe ka silicon ea monocrystalline e le thepa ea mantlha. Tlhokahalo e atileng ea silicon ea monocrystalline le lits'ebetso tsa eona tse fapaneng tsa indasteri e ka hlahisoa ke lintlha tse 'maloa:

1. Tšireletseho le Setsoalle sa Tikoloho: Silicon e ngata karolong e ka holimo ea Lefatše, ha e chefo, ebile e na le botsoalle ho tikoloho.

2. Insulation ea Motlakase: Silicon ka tlhaho e bonahatsa thepa ea motlakase ea motlakase, 'me ha ho phekoloa mocheso, e etsa lera le sireletsang la silicon dioxide, le thibelang ka katleho ho lahleheloa ke tefiso ea motlakase.

3. Theknoloji ea Khōlo e Khōlō: Histori e telele ea tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji ka mekhoa ea ho hōla ha silicon e entse hore e be e rarahaneng ho feta lisebelisoa tse ling tsa semiconductor.

Lintlha tsena hammoho li boloka silicon ea monocrystalline e le ka pele ho indasteri, e etsa hore e se ke ea nkeloa sebaka ke lisebelisoa tse ling.

Mabapi le sebopeho sa kristale, silicon ea monocrystalline ke thepa e entsoeng ka liathomo tsa silicon tse hlophisitsoeng ka lesela la periodic, le etsang sebopeho se tsoelang pele. Ke motheo oa indasteri ea tlhahiso ea li-chip.

Setšoantšo se latelang se bontša mokhoa o feletseng oa ho lokisetsa silicon ea monocrystalline:

Tlhaloso ea Ts'ebetso:
Silicon ea monocrystalline e tsoa ho ore ea silicon ka letoto la mehato ea ho hloekisa. Ntlha ea pele, ho fumanoa silicon ea polycrystalline, eo ka nako eo e hōlileng ka monocrystalline silicon ingot ka sebōping sa ho hōla ha kristale. Ka mor'a moo, ea khaoloa, ea belisoa, 'me ea etsoa liphaphatha tsa silicon tse loketseng ho etsa li-chip.

Li-wafers tsa silicon hangata li arotsoe ka mekhahlelo e 'meli:photovoltaic-gradelesemiconductor-grade. Mefuta ena e 'meli e fapana haholo ka sebopeho sa eona, bohloeki le boleng ba bokaholimo.

• Li-wafers tsa boemo ba semiconductore na le bohloeki bo phahameng bo ikhethang ba ho fihla ho 99.999999999%, 'me ho hlokahala ka tieo hore e be monocrystalline.

• Li-wafers tsa boemo ba photovoltaicha li hloeke, li na le maemo a bohloeki ho tloha ho 99.99% ho isa ho 99.9999%, 'me ha li na litlhoko tse thata joalo tsa boleng ba kristale.

Ho phaella moo, li-wafers tsa semiconductor-grade li hloka boreleli bo holimo le bohloeki ho feta li-wafers tsa photovoltaic-grade. Litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa li-wafers tsa semiconductor li eketsa ho rarahana ha litokiso tsa tsona le boleng ba tsona bo latelang lits'ebetsong.

Chate e latelang e hlalosa phetoho ea liphaephe tsa semiconductor, tse eketsehileng ho tloha ho li-wafer tsa 4-inch (100mm) le 6-inch (150mm) ho ea ho li-wafer tsa hajoale tse 8-inch (200mm) le 12-inch (300mm).

Ha ho lokisoa silicon monocrystal ea 'nete, boholo ba wafer bo fapana ho latela mofuta oa kopo le lintlha tsa litšenyehelo. Mohlala, hangata li-memory chips li sebelisa li-wafers tse 12-inch, athe lisebelisoa tsa motlakase hangata li sebelisa li-wafers tse 8-inch.

Ka kakaretso, phetoho ea boholo ba liphaephe ke phello ea Molao oa Moore le maemo a moruo. Sekhahla se seholo se thusa kholo ea sebaka sa silicon se sebelisoang haholoanyane tlas'a maemo a ts'oanang a ts'ebetso, se fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa tlhahiso ha se ntse se fokotsa litšila tse tsoang mathōkong.

Joalo ka lisebelisoa tsa bohlokoa ntlafatsong ea mahlale a sejoale-joale, li-wafers tsa silicon tsa semiconductor, ka lits'ebetso tse nepahetseng joalo ka photolithography le ho kenngoa ha ion, li nolofalletsa tlhahiso ea lisebelisoa tse fapaneng tsa elektroniki, ho kenyeletsoa li-rectifiers tsa matla a phahameng, li-transistors, li-bipolar junction transistors le lisebelisoa tse fetohang. Lisebelisoa tsena li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa mafapheng a kang bohlale ba maiketsetso, likhokahano tsa 5G, lisebelisoa tsa elektronike tsa likoloi, Inthanete ea Lintho, le sebaka sa lifofane, e leng se etsang motheo oa tsoelo-pele ea moruo oa naha le mekhoa e mecha ea theknoloji.

3. Monocrystalline Silicon Growth Technology

TheMokhoa oa Czochralski (CZ).ke mokhoa o sebetsang oa ho hula thepa ea boleng bo phahameng ba monocrystalline ho tloha ho qhibiliha. E hlahisitsoe ke Jan Czochralski ka 1917, mokhoa ona o boetse o tsejoa e leCrystal Hullingmokhoa.

Hajoale, mokhoa oa CZ o sebelisoa haholo ho lokiseng lisebelisoa tse fapaneng tsa semiconductor. Ho ea ka lipalo-palo tse sa fellang, hoo e ka bang 98% ea lisebelisoa tsa elektronike li entsoe ka silicon ea monocrystalline, e nang le 85% ea likarolo tsena tse hlahisoang ka mokhoa oa CZ.

Mokhoa oa CZ o ratoa ka lebaka la boleng ba eona bo botle ba kristale, boholo bo laolehang, sekhahla sa kholo e potlakileng, le katleho e phahameng ea tlhahiso. Litšobotsi tsena li etsa CZ monocrystalline silicon thepa e ratoang bakeng sa ho kopana le tlhokahalo ea boleng bo holimo, e kholo indastering ea lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki.

Molao-motheo oa kholo ea silicon ea CZ monocrystalline o tjena:

Ts'ebetso ea CZ e hloka mocheso o phahameng, sekheo, le tikoloho e koetsoeng. Lisebelisoa tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso ena kesebopi sa kgolo ya kristale, e bebofatsang maemo ana.

Setšoantšo se latelang se bontša sebopeho sa sebōpi sa ho hōla ha kristale.

Ts'ebetsong ea CZ, silicon e hloekileng e kenngoa ka har'a crucible, e qhibilihisitsoeng, 'me kristale ea peo e kenngoa ka silicon e qhibilihisitsoeng. Ka ho laola ka nepo li-parameter tse kang mocheso, lebelo la ho hula, le lebelo la ho potoloha ha crucible, liathomo kapa limolek'hule sehokelong sa kristale ea peo le silicon e qhibilihisitsoeng li tsoela pele ho hlophisa bocha, ho tiisa ha sistimi e ntse e pholile 'me qetellong e etsa kristale e le' ngoe.

Mokhoa ona oa ho holisa kristale o hlahisa silicon ea boleng bo holimo, e bophara bo boholo ba monocrystalline e nang le libopeho tse ikhethileng tsa kristale.

Ts'ebetso ea kholo e kenyelletsa mehato e 'maloa ea bohlokoa, ho kenyelletsa:

1. Ho qhaqholla le ho Loading: Ho tlosa kristale le ho hloekisa sebōpi ka botlalo le likaroloana tse litšila tse kang quartz, graphite, kapa litšila tse ling.

2. Vacuum le Ho qhibiliha: Sistimi e isoa sebakeng se se nang letho, e lateloa ke ho hlahisoa ha khase ea argon le ho futhumala ha tefiso ea silicon.

3. Crystal Hulling: Kristale ea peo e theoleloa ka har'a silicon e qhibilihisitsoeng, 'me mocheso oa sebopeho o laoloa ka hloko ho netefatsa hore kristale e nepahetseng.

4. Taolo ea Mahetla le Diameter: Ha kristale e ntse e hōla, bophara ba eona bo hlahlojoa ka hloko le ho lokisoa ho netefatsa hore ho na le khōlo e tšoanang.

5. Qetello ea Khōlo le Ho Koala Sebōpi: Hang ha boholo ba kristale bo lakatsehang bo finyelloa, sebōpi se koetsoe, 'me kristale e tlosoa.

Mehato e qaqileng ts'ebetsong ena e netefatsa ho thehoa ha li-monocrystals tsa boleng bo phahameng, tse se nang sekoli tse loketseng tlhahiso ea semiconductor.

4. Mathata ho Tlhahiso ea Silicon ea Monocrystalline

E 'ngoe ea liqholotso tse kholo ho hlahiseng li-monocrystals tse kholo tsa bophara ba semiconductor ke ho hlola mathata a tekheniki nakong ea kholo, haholo ho bolela esale pele le ho laola liphoso tsa kristale:

1. Boleng bo sa tsitsang ba Monocrystal le chai e tlase: Ha boholo ba silicon monocrystals bo ntse bo eketseha, ho rarahana ha tikoloho ea kholo ho eketseha, ho etsa hore ho be thata ho laola lintho tse kang mocheso, phallo le matla a khoheli. Sena se thatafatsa mosebetsi oa ho fumana boleng bo tsitsitseng le chai e phahameng.

2. Mokhoa o sa tsitsang oa Taolo: Ts'ebetso ea ho hōla ha semiconductor silicon monocrystals e rarahane haholo, e nang le masimo a mangata a 'mele a sebelisanang, ho etsa hore ho nepahala ha taolo ho se tsitse le ho lebisa ho lihlahisoa tse fokolang tsa lihlahisoa. Mekhoa ea hajoale ea taolo e shebana haholo le boholo ba kristale, ha boleng bo ntse bo lokisoa ho ipapisitsoe le boiphihlelo ba matsoho, ho etsa hore ho be thata ho fihlela litlhoko tsa tlhahiso ea micro le nano ho li-chip tsa IC.

Ho sebetsana le mathata ana, nts'etsopele ea nako ea sebele, mekhoa ea ho shebella marang-rang le mekhoa ea ho bolela esale pele bakeng sa boleng ba kristale e hlokahala ka potlako, hammoho le ntlafatso ea mekhoa ea ho laola ho netefatsa tlhahiso e tsitsitseng, ea boleng bo phahameng ba li-monocrystals tse kholo bakeng sa ho sebelisoa lipotolohong tse kopantsoeng.