Lisebelisoa tsa semiconductor li fetohile ka meloko e meraro e fetohang:
Moloko oa Pele (Si/Ge) o thehile motheo oa lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tsa sejoale-joale,
Moloko oa Bobeli (GaAs/InP) o ile oa phunyeletsa litšitiso tsa optoelectronic le tsa maqhubu a phahameng ho matlafatsa phetoho ea tlhahisoleseling,
Moloko oa Boraro (SiC/GaN) joale o sebetsana le mathata a matla le tikoloho e feteletseng, o nolofalletsa ho se nke lehlakore ha khabone le mehla ea 6G.
Kgatelopele ena e senola phetoho e bonahalang ho tloha ho feto-fetoha ha maemo ho ya ho hlwahlwa ha saense ya dintho tse bonahalang.
1. Li-semiconductor tsa Moloko oa Pele: Silicon (Si) le Germanium (Ge)
Semelo sa Nalane
Ka 1947, Bell Labs e ile ea qapa transistor ea germanium, e tšoaeang ho qala ha mehla ea semiconductor. Lilemong tsa bo-1950, silicon e ile ea nka sebaka sa germanium butle-butle e le motheo oa lipotoloho tse kopantsoeng (ICs) ka lebaka la lera la eona le tsitsitseng la oxide (SiO₂) le mehloli e mengata ea tlhaho.
Thepa ea Thepa
ⅠLekhalo la lekhalo:
Germanium: 0.67eV (lekhalo le lesesaane, le sekametseng ho dutla ha motlakase, tshebetso e mpe ya mocheso o phahameng).
Silicone: 1.12eV (lekhalo le sa tobang la bandgap, le loketse dipotoloho tsa logic empa le sa kgone ho ntsha kganya).
Ⅱ,Melemo ea Silicone:
Ka tlhaho e etsa oxide ea boleng bo holimo (SiO₂), e nolofalletsang tlhahiso ea MOSFET.
Litšenyehelo tse tlase le tse ngata tsa mobu (~28% ea motsoako oa crustal).
Ⅲ,Meeli:
Ho tsamaea ha dielektrone ka tlase (1500 cm²/(V·s) feela), ho thibela tshebetso ya maqhubu a phahameng.
Ho mamella ha motlakase/mocheso o fokolang (mocheso o phahameng ka ho fetisisa oa ts'ebetso. ~150°C).
Litšebeliso tsa Bohlokoa
Ⅰ,Dipotoloho tse Kopantsweng (di-IC):
Li-CPU, li-memory chip (mohlala, DRAM, NAND) li itšetlehile ka silicon bakeng sa bongata bo phahameng ba kopanyo.
Mohlala: 4004 ea Intel (1971), microprocessor ea pele ea khoebo, e sebelisitse theknoloji ea silicon ea 10μm.
Ⅱ,Lisebelisoa tsa Motlakase:
Li-thyristors tsa pele le li-MOSFET tse nang le motlakase o tlase (mohlala, lisebelisoa tsa motlakase tsa PC) li ne li thehiloe ho silicon.
Liphephetso le ho Siuoa ke Nako
Germanium e ile ea felisoa ka lebaka la ho dutla le ho se tsitse ha mocheso. Leha ho le joalo, mefokolo ea silicon ho optoelectronics le lits'ebetsong tse matla a phahameng e ile ea susumetsa nts'etsopele ea li-semiconductor tsa moloko o latelang.
Li-semiconductor tsa Moloko oa Bobeli tsa 2: Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) le Indium Phosphide (InP)
Semelo sa Nts'etsopele
Nakong ea lilemo tsa bo-1970-1980, masimo a macha a kang puisano ea mehala ea thekeng, marang-rang a faeba ea optical, le theknoloji ea sathelaete li ile tsa baka tlhoko e matla ea lisebelisoa tsa optoelectronic tse sebetsang hantle le tse sebetsang hantle. Sena se ile sa khanna tsoelo-pele ea li-semiconductor tsa bandgap tse tobileng joalo ka GaAs le InP.
Thepa ea Thepa
Tshebetso ya Bandgap le Optoelectronic:
GaAs: 1.42eV (lekhalo le tobileng la leqhubu, le nolofalletsa ho ntshuwa ha lesedi—e loketse di-laser/LED).
InP: 1.34eV (e loketse haholoanyane lits'ebetsong tsa bolelele ba maqhubu a malelele, mohlala, puisano ea fiber-optic ea 1550nm).
Ho Tsamaea ha Elektrone:
GaAs e fihlella 8500 cm²/(V·s), e feta silicon haholo (1500 cm²/(V·s)), e leng se etsang hore e be ntle bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea matshwao a GHz-range.
Mathata
lLi-substrate tse brittle: Ho thata ho li etsa ho feta silicon; li-wafer tsa GaAs li bitsa chelete e fetang 10×.
lHa ho na oxide ya tlhaho: Ho fapana le SiO₂ ya silicon, GaAs/InP ha e na di-oxide tse tsitsitseng, e leng se sitisang tlhahiso ya IC e nang le bongata bo boholo.
Litšebeliso tsa Bohlokoa
lLiphetho tsa RF tse ka Pele:
Li-amplifier tsa matla a selefouno (li-PA), li-transceiver tsa sathelaete (mohlala, li-transistors tsa HEMT tse thehiloeng ho GaAs).
lLisebelisoa tsa Optoelectronics:
Diode tsa laser (di-drive tsa CD/DVD), di-LED (tse kgubedu/tse nang le infrared), di-module tsa fiber-optic (di-laser tsa InP).
lLisele tsa Letsatsi tsa Sebaka:
Lisele tsa GaAs li fihlella katleho ea 30% (ha li bapisoa le ~20% bakeng sa silicon), e leng ea bohlokoa bakeng sa li-satellite.
lLitšitiso tsa Theknoloji
Litšenyehelo tse phahameng li thibela GaAs/InP ho lits'ebetso tse phahameng, e leng se li thibelang ho tlosa puso ea silicon ho li-chip tsa logic.
Li-Semiconductor tsa Moloko oa Boraro (Li-Semiconductor tsa Wide-Bandgap): Silicon Carbide (SiC) le Gallium Nitride (GaN)
Bakhanni ba Theknoloji
Phetoho ea Matla: Likoloi tsa motlakase le kopanyo ea gridi ea matla a nchafatsoang li hloka lisebelisoa tsa motlakase tse sebetsang hantle haholoanyane.
Litlhoko tsa Maqhubu a Phahameng: Litsamaiso tsa puisano tsa 5G le radar li hloka maqhubu a phahameng le matla a mangata.
Tikoloho e Feteletseng: Lisebelisoa tsa lifofane le tsa liindasteri li hloka thepa e khonang ho mamella mocheso o fetang 200°C.
Litšobotsi tsa Boitsebiso
Melemo ea Lekhalo le Sephara la Bandgap:
lSiC: Lekhalo la leqhubu la 3.26eV, matla a tšimo ea motlakase a 10× a silicon, a khonang ho mamella li-voltage tse fetang 10kV.
lGaN: Lekhalo la leqhubu la 3.4eV, ho tsamaya ha dielektrone ha 2200 cm²/(V·s), e ipabola tshebetsong ya maqhubu a phahameng.
Tsamaiso ea Thermal:
Ho tsamaisa mocheso ha SiC ho fihla ho 4.9 W/(cm·K), ho feta silicon ka makgetlo a mararo, e leng se etsang hore e be ntle bakeng sa ditshebediso tse nang le matla a maholo.
Liphephetso tsa Lintho tse Bonahalang
SiC: Kgolo e liehang ya kristale e le nngwe e hloka mocheso o fetang 2000°C, e leng se fellang ka diphoso tsa wafer le ditjeo tse hodimo (wafer ya SiC ya di-inch tse 6 e bitsa tjhelete e fetang 20× ho feta silicon).
GaN: Ha e na substrate ea tlhaho, hangata e hloka heteroepitaxy holim'a substrate tsa safire, SiC, kapa silicon, e leng se lebisang mathateng a ho se lumellane ha lattice.
Litšebeliso tsa Bohlokoa
Lisebelisoa tsa Elektroniki tsa Matla:
Li-inverter tsa EV (mohlala, Tesla Model 3 e sebelisa li-SiC MOSFET, e ntlafatsang bokhoni ka 5–10%).
Liteishene/li-adapter tse tjhajang ka potlako (lisebelisoa tsa GaN li nolofalletsa ho tjhaja ka potlako ya 100W+ ha ka nako e ts'oanang li fokotsa boholo ka 50%).
Lisebelisoa tsa RF:
Li-amplifier tsa motlakase tsa seteishene sa motheo sa 5G (li-PA tsa GaN-on-SiC li tšehetsa maqhubu a mmWave).
Radar ea sesole (GaN e fana ka matla a 5× a GaAs).
Lisebelisoa tsa Optoelectronics:
Li-LED tsa UV (lisebelisoa tsa AlGaN tse sebelisoang ho bolaea likokoana-hloko le ho lemoha boleng ba metsi).
Boemo ba Indasteri le Tebello ea Bokamoso
SiC e laola 'maraka o nang le matla a mangata, ka li-module tsa maemo a likoloi tse seng li ntse li hlahisoa ka bongata, leha litšenyehelo li ntse li le tšitiso.
GaN e ntse e hola ka potlako ho lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tsa bareki (ho tjhaja ka potlako) le lits'ebetsong tsa RF, e fetohela ho li-wafer tsa lisenthimithara tse 8.
Lisebelisoa tse hlahang tse kang gallium oxide (Ga₂O₃, bandgap 4.8eV) le daemane (5.5eV) li ka 'na tsa theha "moloko oa bone" oa li-semiconductor, tse sutumelletsang meeli ea motlakase ho feta 20kV.
Ho ba Teng 'Moho le Tšebelisano-'moho ea Meloko ea Semiconductor
Phethahatso, Eseng ho Nka Sebaka:
Silicon e ntse e le yona e hlahelletseng ho di-chip tsa logic le di-elektroniki tsa bareki (95% ya mmaraka wa lefatshe wa di-semiconductor).
GaAs le InP li ikhethile ka li-niches tse nang le maqhubu a phahameng le tsa optoelectronic.
SiC/GaN ha e nke sebaka lits'ebetsong tsa eneji le tsa indasteri.
Mehlala ea Kopanyo ea Theknoloji:
GaN-on-Si: E kopanya GaN le di-substrate tsa silicon tse theko e tlase bakeng sa ho tjhaja ka potlako le ditshebediso tsa RF.
Li-module tsa SiC-IGBT tse kopantsoeng: Ntlafatsa katleho ea phetoho ea gridi.
Mekhoa ea Nakong e Tlang:
Ho kopanya lintho tse sa tšoaneng: Ho kopanya thepa (mohlala, Si + GaN) ho chip e le 'ngoe ho leka-lekanya ts'ebetso le litšenyehelo.
Lisebelisoa tsa bandgap tse pharaletseng haholo (mohlala, Ga₂O₃, daemane) li ka nolofalletsa lits'ebetso tsa ultra-high-voltage (>20kV) le quantum computing.
Tlhahiso e amanang
GaAs laser epitaxial wafer 4 inch 6 inch
Sekoahelo sa SIC sa lisenthimithara tse 12 sa silicon carbide prime grade bophara 300mm boholo bo boholo 4H-N E loketse ho qhala mocheso oa sesebelisoa se nang le matla a mangata
Nako ea poso: Mots'eanong-07-2025