Likristale tse le 'ngoe ha li fumanehe hangata, 'me leha li etsahala, hangata li nyane haholo - hangata ka tekanyo ea millimeter (mm) - 'me ho thata ho li fumana. Litaemane tse tlalehiloeng, liemeralde, li-agate, jj., hangata ha li kene 'marakeng, re se re sa bue ka lits'ebetso tsa indasteri; boholo ba tsona li bontšoa limusiamong bakeng sa pontšo. Leha ho le joalo, likristale tse ling tse le 'ngoe li na le bohlokoa bo boholo ba indasteri, joalo ka silicon ea kristale e le 'ngoe indastering ea potoloho e kopaneng, safire e sebelisoang hangata lilenseng tsa optical, le silicon carbide, e ntseng e eketseha ho li-semiconductor tsa moloko oa boraro. Bokhoni ba ho hlahisa likristale tsena tse le 'ngoe ka bongata indastering ha bo emele feela matla theknolojing ea indasteri le ea saense empa hape ke letšoao la leruo. Tlhokahalo ea mantlha bakeng sa tlhahiso ea kristale e le 'ngoe indastering ke boholo bo boholo, kaha sena ke senotlolo sa ho fokotsa litšenyehelo ka katleho. Ka tlase ke likristale tse ling tse atisang ho fumanoa tse le 'ngoe' marakeng:
1. Kristale e le 'Ngoe ea Sapphire
Kristale e le 'ngoe ea safire e bolela α-Al₂O₃, e nang le sistimi ea kristale ea hexagonal, boima ba Mohs ba 9, le thepa e tsitsitseng ea lik'hemik'hale. Ha e qhibilihe ka har'a metsi a senyang a asiti kapa a alkaline, e hanela mocheso o phahameng, 'me e na le phetiso e ntle ea leseli, conductivity ea mocheso le ho thibela motlakase.
Haeba li-ion tsa Al tse ka har'a kristale li nkeloa sebaka ke li-ion tsa Ti le Fe, kristale e bonahala e le putsoa 'me e bitsoa safire. Haeba e nkeloa sebaka ke li-ion tsa Cr, e bonahala e le khubelu 'me e bitsoa ruby. Leha ho le joalo, safire ea indasteri ke α-Al₂O₃ e hloekileng, ha e na 'mala ebile e bonaletsa, ha e na litšila.
Hangata safire ea indasteri e nka sebopeho sa li-wafer, tse botenya ba 400–700 μm le bophara ba lisenthimithara tse 4–8. Tsena li tsejoa e le li-wafer 'me li sehiloe ka li-ingot tsa kristale. Ka tlase ho bontšitsoe ingot e sa tsoa huloa ho tsoa ontong e le 'ngoe ea kristale, e so bentšitsoe kapa e sehiloe.
Ka 2018, Khamphani ea Elektroniki ea Jinghui e Inner Mongolia e ile ea atleha ho holisa kristale e kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng ea safire e boima ba lik'hilograma tse 450. Kristale e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea safire lefatšeng ka bophara e ne e le kristale ea lik'hilograma tse 350 e hlahisitsoeng Russia. Joalokaha ho bonoa setšoantšong, kristale ena e na le sebopeho se tloaelehileng, e bonaletsa ka botlalo, ha e na mapetso le meeli ea lithollo, 'me e na le lipululana tse fokolang.
2. Silicone e le 'Ngoe ea Crystal
Hona jwale, silicon e le nngwe e sebediswang bakeng sa di-chip tsa potoloho e kopaneng e hlwekile ho tloha ho 99.999999% ho isa ho 99.99999999% (di-nine tse 9–11), mme ingot ya silicon e boima ba 420 kg e tlameha ho boloka sebopeho se phethahetseng se kang sa daemane. Ka tlhaho, esita le daemane ya karate e le nngwe (200 mg) ha e fumanehe haholo.
Tlhahiso ea lefats'e ea li-ingot tsa silicon tse nang le kristale e le 'ngoe e laoloa ke lik'hamphani tse hlano tse kholo: Shin-Etsu ea Japane (28.0%), SUMCO ea Japane (21.9%), GlobalWafers ea Taiwan (15.1%), SK Siltron ea Korea Boroa (11.6%), le Siltronic ea Jeremane (11.3%). Esita le moetsi e moholo ka ho fetisisa oa li-wafer tsa semiconductor Chaena, NSIG, o na le karolo ea 2.3% feela ea karolo ea 'maraka. Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka mocha, bokhoni ba eona ha boa lokela ho nyenyefatsoa. Ka 2024, NSIG e rera ho tsetela morerong oa ho ntlafatsa tlhahiso ea li-wafer tsa silicon tsa 300 mm bakeng sa lipotoloho tse kopantsoeng, ka kakaretso ea matsete a hakanyetsoang ho ¥13.2 bilione.
Jwalo ka thepa e tala bakeng sa di-chip, di-ingot tsa silicon tse nang le kristale e le nngwe tse hlwekileng haholo di ntse di fetoha ho tloha ho bophara ba di-inch tse 6 ho isa ho tse 12. Di-founder tse etellang pele tsa matjhaba tsa di-chip, tse kang TSMC le GlobalFoundries, di etsa di-chip tse tswang ho di-wafer tsa silicon tse 12-inch e le tsona tse tsebahalang mmarakeng, ha di-wafer tsa di-inch tse 8 di ntse di ntshuwa butle-butle. Moetapele wa lehae SMIC o ntse a sebedisa haholo-holo di-wafer tsa di-inch tse 6. Hajoale, ke SUMCO ya Japane feela e ka hlahisang di-substrate tsa di-wafer tse nang le kristale e phahameng tse 12-inch.
3. Gallium Arsenide
Li-wafer tsa Gallium arsenide (GaAs) ke thepa ea bohlokoa ea semiconductor, 'me boholo ba tsona ke parameter ea bohlokoa ts'ebetsong ea ho lokisa.
Hona jwale, di-wafer tsa GaAs hangata di hlahiswa ka boholo ba di-inchi tse 2, di-inchi tse 3, di-inchi tse 4, di-inchi tse 6, di-inchi tse 8, le di-inchi tse 12. Har'a tsena, di-wafer tsa di-inchi tse 6 ke e 'ngoe ea litlhaloso tse sebelisoang haholo.
Bophara bo boholo ba likristale tse le 'ngoe tse holisoang ke mokhoa oa Horizontal Bridgman (HB) hangata ke lisenthimithara tse 3, ha mokhoa oa Liquid-Encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) o ka hlahisa likristale tse le 'ngoe tse fihlang ho lisenthimithara tse 12 ka bophara. Leha ho le joalo, kholo ea LEC e hloka litšenyehelo tse phahameng tsa lisebelisoa 'me e hlahisa likristale tse sa lumellaneng le tse nang le bongata bo phahameng ba ho falla. Mekhoa ea Vertical Gradient Freeze (VGF) le Vertical Bridgman (VB) hajoale e ka hlahisa likristale tse le 'ngoe tse fihlang ho lisenthimithara tse 8 ka bophara, ka sebopeho se tšoanang le bongata bo tlase ba ho falla.
Theknoloji ea tlhahiso bakeng sa li-wafer tse bentšitsoeng tsa GaAs tse nang le semi-insulating tse bolelele ba lisenthimithara tse 4 le lisenthimithara tse 6 e sebelisoa haholo-holo ke lik'hamphani tse tharo: Sumitomo Electric Industries tsa Japane, Freiberger Compound Materials ea Jeremane, le AXT ea US. Ka 2015, li-substrate tsa lisenthimithara tse 6 li ne li se li ikarabella ho feta 90% ea karolo ea 'maraka.
Ka 2019, 'maraka oa lefats'e oa GaAs substrate o ne o laoloa ke Freiberger, Sumitomo, le Beijing Tongmei, ka likarolo tsa 'maraka tsa 28%, 21%, le 13%, ka ho latellana. Ho ea ka likhakanyo tsa k'hamphani ea boeletsi ea Yole, thekiso ea lefats'e ea li-substrate tsa GaAs (tse fetotsoeng ho tse lekanang le lisenthimithara tse 2) e fihlile likotoana tse ka bang limilione tse 20 ka 2019 'me ho lebelletsoe hore e tla feta likotoana tse limilione tse 35 ka 2025. 'Maraka oa lefats'e oa li-substrate tsa GaAs o ne o le boleng ba hoo e ka bang $200 milione ka 2019 'me ho lebelletsoe hore o tla fihla ho $348 milione ka 2025, ka sekhahla sa kholo ea selemo le selemo (CAGR) sa 9.67% ho tloha ka 2019 ho isa ho 2025.
4. Kristale e le 'Ngoe ea Silicon Carbide
Hajoale, 'maraka o ka tšehetsa ka botlalo kholo ea likristale tse le 'ngoe tsa silicon carbide (SiC) tse bophara ba lisenthimithara tse 2 le lisenthimithara tse 3. Likhamphani tse ngata li tlalehile kholo e atlehileng ea likristale tse le 'ngoe tsa SiC tse le 'ngoe tsa lisenthimithara tse 4 tsa mofuta oa 4H, e leng se tšoaeang phihlello ea Chaena maemong a maemo a lefats'e theknolojing ea kholo ea kristale ea SiC. Leha ho le joalo, ho ntse ho e-na le sekheo se seholo pele ho khoebo.
Ka kakaretso, di-ingot tsa SiC tse hodisitsweng ka mekgwa ya mokelikeli di nyane haholo, ka botenya bo fihlang boemong ba disentimitara. Ena hape ke lebaka la ditjeo tse hodimo tsa di-wafer tsa SiC.
XKH e ikhethile ka ho khetheha ho tsa R&D le ts'ebetso e ikhethileng ea thepa ea mantlha ea semiconductor, ho kenyeletsoa safire, silicon carbide (SiC), li-wafer tsa silicon, le li-ceramic, tse koahelang ketane e felletseng ea boleng ho tloha kholong ea kristale ho isa ho machining e nepahetseng. Re sebelisa bokhoni bo kopaneng ba indasteri, re fana ka li-wafer tsa safire tse sebetsang hantle, li-substrate tsa silicon carbide, le li-wafer tsa silicon tse hloekileng haholo, tse tšehetsoang ke litharollo tse etselitsoeng uena tse kang ho seha ka mokhoa o ikhethileng, ho koahela bokaholimo, le tlhahiso e rarahaneng ea geometry ho fihlela litlhoko tse feteletseng tsa tikoloho lits'ebetsong tsa laser, tlhahiso ea semiconductor, le lits'ebetso tsa matla a nchafatsoang.
Ka ho latela maemo a boleng, lihlahisoa tsa rona li na le ho nepahala ha boemo ba micron, botsitso ba mocheso ba >1500°C, le ho hanyetsa ho bola ho phahameng, ho netefatsa ts'epahalo maemong a thata a ts'ebetso. Ho feta moo, re fana ka li-substrate tsa quartz, thepa ea tšepe/e seng ea tšepe, le likarolo tse ling tsa sehlopha sa semiconductor, tse nolofalletsang liphetoho tse se nang sekoli ho tloha ho prototyping ho ea tlhahisong e kholo bakeng sa bareki ho pholletsa le liindasteri.
Nako ea poso: Phato-29-2025